Off-plan property is built around a future date.

You buy today.

Construction continues.

The developer eventually completes the project.

Then comes:

handover.

But what happens when the date arrives and the property is not ready?

This is one of the most important questions for Abu Dhabi off-plan buyers because a delayed handover can affect:

• mortgage planning;
• rental-income expectations;
• relocation;
• temporary accommodation;
• resale strategy;
• cash flow;
• furnishing schedules;
• investor returns.

The first thing buyers need to understand is that:

a delayed handover is not automatically the same as a cancelled project.

A project may be:

• slightly behind its original programme;
• operating within a contractual grace period;
• substantially delayed;
• incomplete;
• suspended;
• ultimately cancelled.

Each situation can lead to a different legal and commercial outcome.

Under Abu Dhabi’s real-estate framework, off-plan projects are subject to ADREC registration, escrow controls and regulatory oversight. ADREC’s developer journey also requires registered projects to include projected handover dates and places off-plan sales and construction milestones within the regulatory system.

For buyers, the correct response to delay is therefore:

verify → read the SPA → document → communicate → assess the delay → escalate only when necessary.

---

What Does “Handover Delay” Actually Mean?

A buyer may say:

“My project is delayed.”

But that statement alone does not establish a contractual breach.

There are several dates that can appear during an off-plan purchase:

• advertised completion date;
• estimated completion date;
• expected handover date;
• contractual completion date;
• long-stop date;
• grace-period expiry;
• actual handover date.

These are not always identical.

The most important document is normally:

your Sale and Purchase Agreement — SPA.

The SPA determines the contractual relationship between buyer and developer.

---

Marketing Date vs Contractual Date

A brochure might say:

“Expected handover: Q4 2027.”

But the SPA may contain more detailed wording.

For example:

scheduled completion date plus an extension or grace period under specified circumstances.

That means the marketing date alone should not be used to determine whether the developer is legally late.

Always compare:

marketing representation

with:

registered SPA obligations.

---

Start With Your SPA

Before sending complaints or demanding compensation, locate the SPA.

Review clauses covering:

• estimated completion;
• anticipated handover;
• extension periods;
• force majeure;
• developer delays;
• buyer default;
• payment obligations;
• notices;
• termination;
• dispute resolution.

Do not rely only on:

• WhatsApp;
• agent messages;
• launch presentation;
• verbal sales promises.

The SPA is the core contractual document.

ADREC confirms that every off-plan sale is registered through a Sale and Purchase Agreement and that registered SPAs form part of the regulated buyer-protection framework.

---

Is There a Grace Period?

Many off-plan SPAs include contractual provisions allowing some extension beyond the originally anticipated completion date.

The exact period can vary by contract.

Do not assume:

“Every Abu Dhabi developer automatically gets six months.”

The statutory six-month threshold discussed later in this article relates to ADREC’s regulatory powers regarding delayed delivery; it should not automatically be treated as the grace period written into every SPA.

Your SPA must be read separately.

---

Abu Dhabi Law and a Delay Beyond Six Months

Abu Dhabi Real Estate Law contains an important provision on delayed delivery.

Article 25 states that ADREC may impose a delay penalty on a developer in favour of buyers where delivery of the real-estate development project is delayed by more than six months from the expected delivery date in the schedule committed to ADREC, unless the developer proves that the delay resulted from circumstances beyond its control.

The wording matters.

It says ADREC:

may impose a delay penalty.

It does not mean that every buyer automatically receives compensation immediately once six months passes.

The regulatory facts and applicable contract still need to be assessed.

---

Six Months Does Not Mean Automatic Refund

This is another important distinction.

A project being six months late does not automatically mean:

• the SPA terminates;
• buyer receives full refund;
• project is cancelled;
• buyer automatically gets a fixed compensation amount.

Those are separate questions.

The project may still be progressing toward completion.

---

Delayed Project vs Cancelled Project

Think of it like this:

Delayed Project

Construction continues but completion is later than expected.

Possible response:

• monitor;
• document;
• communicate;
• assess contractual rights.

Incomplete Project

Developer has not completed the development and regulatory intervention may become necessary.

Cancelled Project

ADREC formally treats the project as cancelled or abandonment/cancellation procedures apply.

This can activate a different escrow and refund framework.

Do not use these terms interchangeably.

---

How Abu Dhabi Protects Off-Plan Buyer Payments

Abu Dhabi uses project escrow accounts.

ADREC states that buyer payments for off-plan units must be deposited into an approved project escrow account and that project funds are released in connection with verified construction milestones.

The purpose is to reduce the risk that buyer payments are freely used for unrelated purposes.

---

What Is an Escrow Account?

An escrow account is a regulated bank account dedicated to a particular development.

Buyer payments are deposited there.

ADREC explains that funds are linked to construction milestones and can only be released under regulatory controls.

For buyers, escrow does not guarantee:

“The project can never be delayed.”

But it provides a major layer of financial and regulatory protection.

---

Do Not Stop Payments Just Because the Project Looks Late

A common buyer reaction is:

“If the developer is delayed, I will stop paying.”

That can create a separate breach.

Under Abu Dhabi law, developers have procedures for dealing with a buyer who fails to meet off-plan contractual obligations, including formal notice requirements and possible unit cancellation/resale processes.

So do not independently suspend instalments unless you have a proper contractual or legal basis.

Developer delay and buyer payment obligations should be analysed separately.

---

Buyer Default Can Have Serious Consequences

Current Abu Dhabi rules provide a structured mechanism where, following buyer default, the developer may pursue cancellation of the unit subject to specified notices and procedures.

The buyer may then face deductions linked to the project’s construction stage and the terms of the SPA.

Therefore:

do not turn a developer-delay issue into a buyer-default issue.

---

Step 1 — Confirm the Contractual Handover Date

Open the SPA.

Identify:

• target completion date;
• expected handover date;
• permitted extensions;
• grace period;
• force-majeure provisions.

Write these down separately.

For example:

Original expected completion: Q4 2026
SPA extension: 6 months
Potential contractual deadline: depends on the exact SPA clause

Do not calculate from memory.

---

Step 2 — Check Whether the Project Is Actually Delayed

Sometimes the construction is complete but final handover has not started.

Possible reasons include:

• final inspections;
• authority approvals;
• completion certification;
• utility activation;
• common-area completion;
• snag rectification;
• administrative processing.

Construction completion and buyer key collection are not always the same date.

---

Step 3 — Verify Official Project Information

ADREC’s developer framework requires registered projects to include:

• project details;
• projected handover dates;
• registration information;
• escrow structure.

Buyers should rely on official or developer-documented project information rather than only social-media speculation.

---

Step 4 — Review Developer Progress Updates

Look for:

• construction-progress notices;
• completion percentage;
• revised schedule;
• contractor updates;
• photographs;
• handover notices.

Build a timeline.

Example:

January

Developer says construction 75%.

April

Developer says 84%.

July

Developer says 91%.

October

Developer announces testing and commissioning.

That creates a much clearer picture than simply saying:

“It has been delayed for months.”

---

Step 5 — Keep Every Written Communication

Retain:

• SPA;
• reservation form;
• payment receipts;
• escrow payment evidence;
• developer emails;
• construction updates;
• revised completion notices;
• payment-plan statements;
• handover notices.

ADREC’s regulations specifically contemplate correspondence between buyer and developer as evidence when complaints concerning project commencement or progress are investigated.

Good records matter.

---

Step 6 — Ask the Developer Specific Questions

Do not send:

“When will my unit be ready?”

Ask:

What is the current construction completion percentage?

What is the current expected completion date?

Has the scheduled delivery date registered with ADREC changed?

What approvals remain outstanding?

When is snagging expected?

When is final payment expected?

When is key handover expected?

Specific questions produce more useful answers.

---

Step 7 — Separate Construction Completion From Unit Handover

A development can reach substantial physical completion and still require:

• authority approvals;
• testing;
• commissioning;
• completion documentation;
• unit preparation.

So buyers should ask for:

construction completion

and

expected handover

as separate milestones.

---

Step 8 — Check Your Payment Schedule

Many off-plan payment plans include milestones such as:

• booking;
• construction instalments;
• completion instalment;
• handover payment;
• post-handover instalments.

A delay may alter when later payments become due depending on the SPA and payment plan.

Do not assume.

Review the actual payment condition.

---

Construction-Linked Payments vs Date-Linked Payments

Some payment plans are:

construction-linked.

Others are:

calendar-linked.

Others use both.

This matters during a delay.

For example:

Construction-linked

Payment becomes due at 80% construction.

Date-linked

Payment due on 1 March regardless of exact construction percentage, subject to SPA terms.

Understand which one applies.

---

Can the Buyer Demand Compensation?

Potentially, depending on:

• the SPA;
• extent of delay;
• legal framework;
• ADREC findings;
• cause of delay.

But do not assume a fixed universal compensation amount.

Article 25 gives ADREC the power to impose a delay penalty in favour of buyers when delivery is more than six months late relative to the schedule committed to ADREC, unless the developer establishes that the delay arose from circumstances beyond its control.

The individual outcome still depends on the facts.

---

What If the Developer Says the Delay Was Beyond Its Control?

That can be relevant.

Article 25 specifically provides an exception where the developer establishes that the delay resulted from circumstances beyond its control.

Your SPA may also contain:

• force majeure;
• authority-delay;
• utility-delay;
• other extension clauses.

These must be reviewed carefully.

---

Force Majeure Is Not a Magic Phrase

A developer cannot simply write:

“Force majeure.”

and automatically resolve every dispute.

The actual:

• contract;
• cause;
• evidence;
• applicable law

matter.

Buyers should request a clear explanation of the basis for the revised timeline.

---

What If Construction Has Barely Started?

Abu Dhabi law has separate rules for failure to commence a development project.

Article 25 provides that where the developer fails to commence the project according to contractual obligations, buyers owning at least 5% of the sold units may file a complaint with the authority, which can investigate the matter.

This is very different from:

“The project is 85% complete but keys are three months late.”

---

Complaint Threshold for Failure to Commence

The law refers to buyers owning not less than:

5% of sold units

for the complaint mechanism concerning failure to commence.

After investigation, ADREC may take regulatory action if the developer delayed commencement without acceptable justification.

---

What If the Project Cannot Be Completed?

This is where Article 26 becomes relevant.

Where a developer fails to complete a development project, the account trustee, with ADREC approval, may take steps intended to preserve depositor rights and enable project completion.

This can include completion by:

• financier;
• another developer.

This is important because:

regulatory intervention does not necessarily mean immediate cancellation.

The first objective can be to find a way to complete the project.

---

Six-Month Completion-Solution Period

If no solution can be found to complete the project within the specified six-month period under the regulatory mechanism, the remaining amounts in the project escrow account can then be distributed according to the statutory priority and under regulatory supervision.

Again:

delayed handover ≠ immediate escrow refund.

---

What Happens If a Project Is Cancelled?

Once a project is formally cancelled, buyers may seek recovery of their share of funds held in the project escrow account under the applicable process.

Regulations contemplate documentation such as:

• off-plan SPA;
• buyer-developer correspondence;
• payment details;
• confirmation from escrow trustee;
• required application material.

This is a formal process.

---

Cancellation Is Not the Same as Unit Cancellation for Buyer Default

There are two concepts that buyers should not confuse:

Project Cancellation

The overall development is cancelled or cannot proceed.

Individual Unit Cancellation

A particular buyer’s unit contract is cancelled, for example following buyer default under the applicable mechanism.

These can involve completely different financial consequences.

---

Buyer-Default Refund Rules

In March 2026, Abu Dhabi announced updated administrative decisions clarifying developer compensation and buyer refund procedures where an individual off-plan unit is cancelled and resold following purchaser breach.

These rules should not be confused with remedies where:

the developer or project itself is delayed.

---

Should You Cancel Your SPA Yourself?

Do not do this casually.

A buyer saying:

“The project is late, cancel my contract.”

does not necessarily create an automatic right to full refund.

Article 17 provides that a developer or buyer may seek rescission where there is a substantial violation, following notification to correct that violation.

Whether a particular handover delay amounts to a substantial violation must be assessed against:

• SPA;
• delay duration;
• cause;
• regulatory position.

---

Do Not Rely on Social-Media Legal Advice

Off-plan buyer groups can be useful for:

• construction photos;
• communication;
• identifying common issues.

But comments such as:

“After six months you automatically get all your money back.”

should not be treated as law.

The actual Abu Dhabi framework is more nuanced.

---

What if You Need the Property to Live In?

A delayed investment property causes financial inconvenience.

A delayed home can create a personal housing problem.

You may need to plan:

• tenancy renewal;
• short-term accommodation;
• relocation dates;
• school arrangements.

Do not terminate your current accommodation solely because of an estimated handover date.

Wait until the handover process becomes sufficiently certain.

---

What If You Expected Rental Income?

Suppose you expected:

AED 120,000 annual rent

from January.

But handover moves to July.

Potential missed gross rent:

AED 60,000

approximately, before considering leasing time and costs.

This does not automatically mean the developer legally owes you AED 60,000.

It illustrates why handover timing matters to investment projections.

---

Do Not Build ROI on the Earliest Possible Handover Date

When underwriting an off-plan property, consider:

• completion risk;
• snagging;
• furnishing;
• leasing period;
• vacancy.

If the developer says:

“Handover Q4.”

do not model rent from:

October 1.

Use a more conservative timeline.

---

Example: Investor Cash-Flow Model

Purchase price:

AED 1,500,000

Expected handover:

December 2026

Expected rent:

AED 110,000 per year

If handover occurs in June 2027:

six months of expected rental opportunity shifts.

Potential gross timing impact:

AED 55,000

before expenses.

This makes completion timing part of investment risk.

---

Mortgage Buyers Need Extra Planning

If your off-plan unit will be financed near handover, a delay can affect:

• mortgage offer validity;
• income documents;
• interest rates;
• valuation timing;
• down-payment planning.

Do not assume a mortgage approval issued many months earlier will remain unchanged indefinitely.

Stay in contact with your bank or mortgage adviser as handover approaches.

---

Final Payment Should Not Surprise You

Developers may require a substantial payment at completion or handover.

Prepare early for:

• final instalment;
• mortgage contribution;
• registration costs;
• service charges;
• furnishing;
• moving costs.

A delay can create false comfort:

“I have more time.”

Do not spend funds reserved for final completion.

The project may move quickly once approvals are obtained.

---

Should You Resell a Delayed Off-Plan Property?

Possibly, if assignment/resale is allowed.

But evaluate:

• developer transfer requirements;
• minimum paid percentage;
• market demand;
• asking price;
• transfer fees;
• broker commission;
• expected completion.

A delay can affect both:

• buyer appetite;
• resale price.

---

Delays Can Sometimes Create Opportunity

Not every delay destroys investment performance.

During the additional period:

• surrounding infrastructure may improve;
• market prices may rise;
• rents may increase.

But this is speculative.

Do not treat delay as a guaranteed positive.

---

When Should a Buyer Become Concerned?

Concern increases when several indicators appear together:

Construction progress slows materially.

Updates become infrequent.

Completion dates repeatedly move.

Contractor activity appears limited.

Developer provides vague answers.

Official status appears inconsistent with sales communication.

One revised date alone does not necessarily indicate project distress.

Look for the pattern.

---

Warning Sign: Repeated Unexplained Extensions

Suppose handover moves:

Q4 2026
→ Q2 2027
→ Q4 2027
→ Q2 2028.

At that point, the buyer should move beyond informal reassurance.

Request:

• formal updated schedule;
• reason for delay;
• status of regulatory milestones;
• revised handover process.

---

Warning Sign: Construction Has Stopped

If visible construction appears completely inactive for an extended period:

do not rely only on observation.

Ask for:

• written developer response;
• official project status;
• construction update.

If concerns persist, regulatory escalation may become appropriate.

---

Warning Sign: Developer Asks for Payments Outside Approved Structure

Off-plan buyer funds belong within Abu Dhabi’s regulated escrow framework.

ADREC states that off-plan payments must go into the project’s approved escrow account.

Unexpected payment instructions deserve careful verification.

---

How to Write a Strong Delay Email

A good delay inquiry should contain:

• project name;
• unit number;
• SPA reference;
• original handover date;
• latest communicated date;
• specific questions.

Avoid emotional language.

Make it evidence-based.

---

Keep a Delay Timeline

Create a simple file:

Date	Developer Update	Expected Handover	Evidence
Jan 2026	Construction 70%	Q4 2026	Email
Jun 2026	Construction 82%	Q1 2027	Portal
Oct 2026	Revised schedule	Q2 2027	Letter

This becomes extremely useful if the matter escalates.

---

When Should You Contact ADREC?

Potential reasons include:

• serious unexplained project delay;
• concerns about non-commencement;
• incomplete project;
• suspected regulatory issue;
• unresolved developer communication.

The exact complaint route depends on the type of issue.

---

Abu Dhabi Real Estate Settlement Centre — Taswea

Abu Dhabi also has the Real Estate Settlement Centre, known as Taswea, which handles real-estate disputes including:

• delays in starting projects;
• incomplete real-estate projects.

The process begins through the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department’s Enjazi system, followed by review and conciliation. If no settlement is reached, the dispute can be referred to the relevant court.

This gives buyers a structured dispute-resolution route rather than relying solely on informal negotiation.

---

Settlement Before Litigation

Taswea is designed around:

amicable resolution.

That can be commercially useful.

For many buyers, the goal is not necessarily:

“Take the developer to court.”

It may be:

• obtain clarity;
• agree a solution;
• resolve contractual disagreement;
• protect the investment.

---

Build an Evidence File Before Escalating

Include:

SPA

Payment receipts

Escrow evidence

Developer correspondence

Original completion representation

Revised completion notices

Construction updates

Any formal notice already issued

A well-documented case is stronger than a series of screenshots without context.

---

Can Buyers Join Together?

For the statutory complaint process involving failure to commence, the law specifically refers to buyers holding at least 5% of sold units.

For other issues, owners often communicate collectively, but the correct formal mechanism depends on the nature of the dispute.

Do not assume every delay complaint has the same 5% threshold.

---

Buyer Checklist: Before Buying Off-Plan

The best way to handle handover delay begins before purchase.

Check:

1. Developer track record

Has the developer delivered previous projects?

2. Project registration

Is the project properly registered?

3. Escrow structure

Are buyer payments going through the approved project escrow account?

4. SPA completion clause

What exactly does it say?

5. Grace-period clause

How much extension is contractually permitted?

6. Payment plan

Construction-linked or date-linked?

7. Resale rules

Can you assign before handover?

8. Financial buffer

Could you tolerate six to twelve months of timing change?

---

Our Developer Due-Diligence Rule

Do not judge the developer only by:

• brochure;
• showroom;
• launch event;
• payment plan.

Evaluate:

• regulatory registration;
• past delivery;
• construction progress;
• communication quality;
• handover history.

---

Buyer Checklist: When Delay Starts

If the handover date moves:

1. Read SPA.

2. Identify contractual date.

3. Identify grace period.

4. Save developer notice.

5. Confirm project progress.

6. Continue complying with your own obligations.

7. Request revised timeline.

8. Record all correspondence.

9. Recalculate financial plan.

10. Escalate only when justified.

---

Buyer Checklist: When Delay Becomes Serious

If the delay becomes substantial:

Review SPA professionally.

Request formal written explanation.

Verify official project status.

Quantify financial impact.

Preserve evidence.

Consider ADREC/regulatory route.

Consider Taswea dispute settlement where appropriate.

Obtain legal advice before termination or withholding payments.

---

Never Make These 7 Mistakes

Mistake 1 — Treating brochure date as the entire contract

Read SPA.

Mistake 2 — Assuming six months means automatic cancellation

It does not.

Mistake 3 — Stopping instalments independently

You may create buyer default.

Mistake 4 — Assuming delay automatically equals full refund

Different legal mechanisms apply.

Mistake 5 — Confusing project cancellation with individual-unit cancellation

They are different.

Mistake 6 — Losing correspondence

Keep everything.

Mistake 7 — Planning rent or relocation from the earliest possible handover date

Use a buffer.

---

What Happens After Completion?

Once the project approaches completion, buyers may enter:

• snagging;
• final payment;
• completion documentation;
• key collection;
• utility activation;
• property registration;
• move-in or leasing.

Our Property Snagging in Abu Dhabi 2026 guide explains what buyers should inspect before accepting handover.

---

Do Not Skip Snagging Because the Project Was Late

Buyers sometimes become frustrated after waiting months.

When the handover finally arrives they think:

“Just give me the keys.”

That is exactly when mistakes happen.

Delay does not reduce the need for:

• inspection;
• defect recording;
• reinspection.

---

After Handover: Defects Liability

Handover does not necessarily end developer responsibility for qualifying defects.

Abu Dhabi’s post-handover framework contains separate defects-liability protections.

Our Property Defects Liability Period Abu Dhabi 2026 guide explains:

• DLP;
• building installations;
• structural/common-part liability.

Handover delay and defect liability are separate stages.

---

Handover Delay vs Defect Delay

Another distinction:

Construction Delay

Project not ready.

Handover Administration Delay

Project substantially ready but keys/process pending.

Rectification Delay

Unit inspected but significant snags remain.

Document which one applies.

---

Should You Accept Handover With Outstanding Snags?

Minor snag items may sometimes be managed after handover depending on the developer’s process.

But serious issues involving:

• safety;
• waterproofing;
• major AC failure;
• significant functional defect

should not be treated casually.

Document everything.

---

Newly Handed-Over Investment Property

Once keys arrive, investors need to move quickly through:

1. snagging;
2. rectification;
3. utility setup;
4. furnishing if required;
5. photography;
6. pricing;
7. marketing;
8. tenant screening.

Every unnecessary week after handover is another week without rental income.

---

Al Zaeem Property Advisory

For off-plan buyers approaching handover, Al Zaeem Real Estate can help owners assess the commercial side of the transition from:

off-plan buyer

to:

ready-property owner.

That can include:

• rental positioning;
• resale strategy;
• market comparison;
• handover planning;
• leasing preparation.

The legal interpretation of a delayed SPA should, however, be handled through appropriate professional or legal advice where necessary.

---

Al Zaeem Property Management

Once the property is handed over, Al Zaeem Property Management can support owners with:

• tenant acquisition;
• tenancy administration;
• rent collection;
• inspections;
• maintenance coordination;
• renewal management.

This is particularly useful for overseas investors who may not be in Abu Dhabi when handover occurs.

---

A Practical 30-Day Handover Preparation Plan

Once a reliable handover notice arrives:

Week 1

• review final payment;
• arrange mortgage if needed;
• book snagging.

Week 2

• complete inspection;
• submit defect list;
• prepare utility documents.

Week 3

• reinspect;
• plan furnishing;
• prepare leasing strategy.

Week 4

• receive keys;
• photograph property;
• launch rental marketing.

The faster this transition is managed, the faster the property can begin generating income.

---

Final Verdict

An off-plan handover delay in Abu Dhabi should be taken seriously.

But it should also be handled methodically.

Do not assume:

delay = cancellation.

Do not assume:

six months late = automatic refund.

Do not assume:

developer delay allows buyer to stop payments.

Instead:

read the SPA → verify the official timeline → document the delay → continue meeting your own obligations → request formal updates → escalate appropriately if necessary.

Abu Dhabi’s regulatory framework gives ADREC powers over delayed and incomplete projects and provides escrow protections for off-plan buyer funds. Article 25 also allows ADREC to impose a delay penalty in favour of buyers where delivery exceeds the expected schedule by more than six months, subject to the statutory conditions.

Where a project cannot be completed, the legal framework first allows measures aimed at preserving buyer rights and finding a path to completion; if that fails, escrow-distribution procedures can apply.

For disputes involving delays or incomplete projects, Abu Dhabi’s Taswea Real Estate Settlement Centre provides a structured conciliation route before unresolved matters proceed to court.

For investors, the commercial lesson is equally important:

Never build an off-plan investment plan around a single exact handover date without a financial buffer.

A well-prepared buyer should be capable of managing:

• timing changes;
• final payment;
• mortgage;
• snagging;
• leasing;
• resale.

That is the difference between simply buying off-plan and managing off-plan investment risk properly.

Official Sources

Abu Dhabi Real Estate Centre — Project Development
Project registration, off-plan sale controls, escrow accounts and developer oversight.

Law No. 3 of 2015 concerning Regulation of the Real Estate Sector in Abu Dhabi, as amended
Framework covering delayed project delivery, non-completion, off-plan buyer and developer obligations.

Abu Dhabi Real Estate Settlement Centre — Taswea
Dispute-resolution route for delayed and incomplete property projects.

Disclaimer

This article provides general real-estate information only and does not constitute legal, financial or investment advice.

Off-plan rights can depend heavily on the wording of the individual Sale and Purchase Agreement, the facts of the delay, applicable regulatory decisions and the project’s official status. Buyers facing material delays, cancellation risk, termination or significant financial loss should obtain project-specific professional or legal advice before withholding payments, terminating an SPA or starting formal proceedings.

Last reviewed: November 2026.